WHO. Global tuberculosis report 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.
Google Scholar
Baumann MH, Nolan R, Petrini M, Lee YC, Light RW, Schneider E. Pleural tuberculosis in the United States: incidence and drug resistance. Chest. 2007;131(4):1125–32.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Edginton ME, Wong ML, Phofa R, Mahlaba D, Hodkinson HJ. Tuberculosis at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital: numbers of patients diagnosed and outcomes of referrals to district clinics. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005;9(4):398–402.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shaw JA, Koegelenberg CFN. Pleural tuberculosis. Clin Chest Med. 2021;42(4):649–66.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tian P, Qiu R, Wang M, Xu S, Cao L, Yang P, Li W. Prevalence, causes, and health care burden of pleural effusions among hospitalized adults in China. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(8):e2120306.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Porcel JM, Esquerda A, Vives M, Bielsa S. Etiology of pleural effusions: analysis of more than 3000 consecutive thoracenteses. Arch Bronconeumol. 2014;50(5):161–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bielsa S, Acosta C, Pardina M, Civit C, Porcel JM. Tuberculous pleural effusion: clinical characteristics of 320 patients. Arch Bronconeumol. 2019;55(1):17–22.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang XJ, Yang Y, Wang Z, Xu LL, Wu YB, Zhang J, Tong ZH, Shi HZ. Efficacy and safety of diagnostic thoracoscopy in undiagnosed pleural effusions. Respiration. 2015;90(3):251–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thomas M, Ibrahim WH, Raza T, Mushtaq K, Arshad A, Ahmed M, Taha S, Al Sarafandi S, Karim H, Abdul-Sattar HA. Medical thoracoscopy for exudative pleural effusion: an eight-year experience from a country with a young population. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17(1):151.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wei Y, Shen K, Lv T, Liu H, Wang Z, Wu J, Zhang H, Colella S, Wu FZ, Milano MT, et al. Comparison between closed pleural biopsy and medical thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of undiagnosed exudative pleural effusions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2020;9(3):446–58.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhang T, Wan B, Wang L, Li C, Xu Y, Wang X, Liu H, Song Y, Lin D, Zhan P, et al. The diagnostic yield of closed needle pleural biopsy in exudative pleural effusion: a retrospective 10-year study. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(7):491.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhang M, Li D, Hu ZD, Huang YL. The diagnostic utility of pleural markers for tuberculosis pleural effusion. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(9):607.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kohli M, Schiller I, Dendukuri N, Dheda K, Denkinger CM, Schumacher SG, Steingart KR. Xpert® MTB/RIF assay for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;8(8):Cd012768.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Aggarwal AN, Behera D, Agarwal R. Diagnostic performance of Xpert MTB/RIF in tuberculous pleural effusion: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(4):1133–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Aggarwal AN, Agarwal R, Dhooria S, Prasad KT, Sehgal IS, Muthu V. Comparative accuracy of pleural fluid unstimulated interferon-gamma and adenosine deaminase for diagnosing pleural tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(6):e0253525.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liang QL, Shi HZ, Wang K, Qin SM, Qin XJ. Diagnostic accuracy of adenosine deaminase in tuberculous pleurisy: a meta-analysis. Respir Med. 2008;102(5):744–54.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hooper C, Lee YC, Maskell N. Investigation of a unilateral pleural effusion in adults: British thoracic society pleural disease guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(Suppl 2):ii4–17.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vieira JL, Foschiera L, Ferreira ICS, Chakr V. Performance of the quantification of adenosine deaminase and determination of the lactate dehydrogenase/adenosine deaminase ratio for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis in children and adolescents. J Bras Pneumol. 2021;47(2):e20200558.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Blakiston M, Chiu W, Wong C, Morpeth S, Taylor S. Diagnostic performance of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase for tuberculous pleural effusion in a low-incidence setting. J Clin Microbiol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00258-18.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Beukes A, Shaw JA, Diacon AH, Irusen EM, Koegelenberg CFN. The utility of pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase to adenosine deaminase ratio in pleural tuberculosis. Respiration. 2021;100(1):59–63.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig L, Lijmer JG, Moher D, Rennie D, de Vet HC, et al. STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies. Clin Chem. 2015;61(12):1446–52.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zheng FF, Shen WH, Gong F, Hu ZD, Lippi G, Šimundić AM, Bossuyt PMM, Plebani M, Zhang K. Adherence to the standards for reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD): a survey of four journals in laboratory medicine. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(11):918.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Han YQ, Yan L, Li P, Zhang L, Ouyang PH, Hu ZD. A Study Investigating Markers in PLeural Effusion (SIMPLE): a prospective and double-blind diagnostic study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(8):e027287.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44(3):837–45.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pencina MJ, D’Agostino RB Sr, D’Agostino RB Jr, Vasan RS. Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: from area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond. Stat Med. 2008;27(2):157–72.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vickers AJ, Elkin EB. Decision curve analysis: a novel method for evaluating prediction models. Med Decis Making. 2006;26(6):565–74.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhang Z, Gayle AA, Wang J, Zhang H, Cardinal-Fernandez P. Comparing baseline characteristics between groups: an introduction to the CBCgrps package. Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(24):484.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kundu S, Aulchenko YS, van Duijn CM, Janssens AC. PredictABEL: an R package for the assessment of risk prediction models. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011;26(4):261–4.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Robin X, Turck N, Hainard A, Tiberti N, Lisacek F, Sanchez JC, Muller M. pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011;12:77.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Leeflang MM, Moons KG, Reitsma JB, Zwinderman AH. Bias in sensitivity and specificity caused by data-driven selection of optimal cutoff values: mechanisms, magnitude, and solutions. Clin Chem. 2008;54(4):729–37.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moons KG, de Groot JA, Linnet K, Reitsma JB, Bossuyt PM. Quantifying the added value of a diagnostic test or marker. Clin Chem. 2012;58(10):1408–17.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Darooei R, Sanadgol G, Gh-Nataj A, Almasnia M, Darivishi A, Eslaminejad A, Raoufy MR. Discriminating tuberculous pleural effusion from malignant pleural effusion based on routine pleural fluid biomarkers, using mathematical methods. Tanaffos. 2017;16(2):157–65.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wang J, Liu J, Xie X, Shen P, He J, Zeng Y. The pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase/adenosine deaminase ratio differentiates between tuberculous and parapneumonic pleural effusions. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17(1):168.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Li P, Shi J, Zhou L, Wang B, Zhang LJ, Duan L, Hu Q, Zhou X, Yuan Y, Li D, et al. Pleural fluid GSDMD is a novel biomarker for the early differential diagnosis of pleural effusion. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:620322.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lin H, Ni L. Diagnostic utility of LDH, CA125 and CYFRA21-1 in tuberculosis pleural effusion. Med Clin (Barc). 2022;158(2):70–2.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lin L, Li S, Xiong Q, Wang H. A retrospective study on the combined biomarkers and ratios in serum and pleural fluid to distinguish the multiple types of pleural effusion. BMC Pulm Med. 2021;21(1):95.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wang W, Zhou Q, Zhai K, Wang Y, Liu JY, Wang XJ, Wang Z, Zhang JC, Tong ZH, Shi HZ. Diagnostic accuracy of interleukin 27 for tuberculous pleural effusion: two prospective studies and one meta-analysis. Thorax. 2018;73(3):240–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Abrao FC, de Abreu IR, Miyake DH, Busico MA, Younes RN. Role of adenosine deaminase and the influence of age on the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(11):1363–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jiang CG, Wang W, Zhou Q, Wu XZ, Wang XJ, Wang Z, Zhai K, Shi HZ. Influence of age on the diagnostic accuracy of soluble biomarkers for tuberculous pleural effusion: a post hoc analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2020;20(1):178.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
de Groot JA, Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Rutjes AW, Dendukuri N, Janssen KJ, Moons KG. Verification problems in diagnostic accuracy studies: consequences and solutions. BMJ. 2011;343:d4770.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar