Mirza S, Clay RD, Koslow MA, Scanlon PD. COPD guidelines: a review of the 2018 GOLD report. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93(10):1488–502.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Decramer M, Rennard S, Troosters T, Mapel DW, Giardino N, Mannino D, et al. COPD as a lung disease with systemic consequences–clinical impact, mechanisms, and potential for early intervention. COPD. 2008;5(4):235–56.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vos T. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet (London, England). 2017;390(10100):1211–59.
Article
Google Scholar
Vos T. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet (London, England). 2020;396(10258):1204–22.
Article
Google Scholar
Varmaghani M, Dehghani M, Heidari E, Sharifi F, Moghaddam SS, Farzadfar F. Global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eastern Medit Health J. 2019;25(1):47–57.
Article
Google Scholar
Rhee CK. High prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Korea. Korean J Intern Med. 2016;31(4):651–2.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cho H-J, Dutra LM, Glantz SA. Differences in adolescent E-cigarette and cigarette prevalence in two policy environments: South Korea and the United States. Nicotine Tobacco Res. 2018;20(8):949–53.
Article
Google Scholar
Forey BA, Thornton AJ, Lee PN. Systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence relating smoking to COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. BMC Pulm Med. 2011;11:36.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bhatta DN, Glantz SA. Association of E-cigarette use with respiratory disease among adults: a longitudinal analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2020;58(2):182–90.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garcia-Arcos I, Geraghty P, Baumlin N, Campos M, Dabo AJ, Jundi B, et al. Chronic electronic cigarette exposure in mice induces features of COPD in a nicotine-dependent manner. Thorax. 2016;71(12):1119–29.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Polosa R, Morjaria JB, Prosperini U, Busà B, Pennisi A, Malerba M, et al. COPD smokers who switched to e-cigarettes: health outcomes at 5-year follow up. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2020;11:2040622320961617.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Oakly A, Martin G. Dual use of electronic cigarettes and tobacco in New Zealand from a nationally representative sample. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2019;43(2):103–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kotz D, Böckmann M, Kastaun S. The use of tobacco, E-cigarettes, and methods to quit smoking in Germany. Deutsches Arzteblatt Int. 2018;115(14):235–42.
Google Scholar
Hirano T, Tabuchi T, Nakahara R, Kunugita N, Mochizuki-Kobayashi Y. Electronic cigarette use and smoking abstinence in japan: a cross-sectional study of quitting methods. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(2):202.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Andler R, Guignard R, Wilquin JL, Beck F, Richard JB, Nguyen-Thanh V. Electronic cigarette use in France in 2014. Int J Public Health. 2016;61(2):159–65.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jacob P, St Helen G, Yu L, Nardone N, Havel C, Cheung P, et al. Biomarkers of exposure for dual use of electronic cigarettes and combustible cigarettes: nicotelline, NNAL, and total nicotine equivalents. Nicotine Tobacco Res. 2020;22(7):1107–13.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Li W, Liu B. Comparing cotinine and NNAL verification of self-reported smoking status among lung cancer screening eligible population from the 2007–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Biomark Biochem Indic Exp Response Suscept Chem. 2021;26(1):45–54.
CAS
Google Scholar
Schick SF, Blount BC, Jacob PR, Saliba NA, Bernert JT, El Hellani A, et al. Biomarkers of exposure to new and emerging tobacco delivery products. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2017;313(3):L425–52.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Perez MF, Atuegwu NC, Mead EL, Oncken C, Mortensen EM. Adult E-cigarettes use associated with a self-reported diagnosis of COPD. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(20):3938.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Osei AD, Mirbolouk M, Orimoloye OA, Dzaye O, Uddin SMI, Benjamin EJ, et al. Association between E-cigarette use and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by smoking status: behavioral risk factor surveillance system 2016 and 2017. Am J Prev Med. 2020;58(3):336–42.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murgia N, Brisman J, Claesson A, Muzi G, Olin A-C, Torén K. Validity of a questionnaire-based diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a general population-based study. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:49.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jiang N, Chen J, Wang MP, McGhee SM, Kwong AC, Lai VW, et al. Electronic cigarette awareness and use among adults in Hong Kong. Addict Behav. 2016;52:34–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kweon S, Kim Y, Jang M-J, Kim Y, Kim K, Choi S, et al. Data resource profile: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(1):69–77.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(2):319–38.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tilert T, Dillon C, Paulose-Ram R, Hnizdo E, Doney B. Estimating the U.S. prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2010. Respir Res. 2013;14(1):103.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Swanney MP, Ruppel G, Enright PL, Pedersen OF, Crapo RO, Miller MR, et al. Using the lower limit of normal for the FEV1/FVC ratio reduces the misclassification of airway obstruction. Thorax. 2008;63(12):1046–51.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hwang YI, Kim CH, Kang HR, Shin T, Park SM, Jang SH, et al. Comparison of the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnosed by lower limit of normal and fixed ratio criteria. J Korean Med Sci. 2009;24(4):621–6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Seo MH, Lee W-Y, Kim SS, Kang J-H, Kang J-H, Kim KK, et al. 2018 Korean society for the study of obesity guideline for the management of obesity in Korea. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2019;28(1):40–5.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Breslow JL, Goldhaber SZ, Rosner B, VanDenburgh M, et al. Moderate alcohol intake, increased levels of high-density lipoprotein and its subfractions, and decreased risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(25):1829–34.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kim Y, Park S, Kim NS, Lee BK. Inappropriate survey design analysis of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey may produce biased results. J Prevent Med Public Health. 2013;46(2):96–104.
Article
Google Scholar
Mirbolouk M, Charkhchi P, Kianoush S, Uddin SMI, Orimoloye OA, Jaber R, et al. Prevalence and distribution of E-cigarette use among U.S. adults: behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2016. Ann Int Med. 2018;169(7):429–38.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Benowitz NL. Cotinine as a biomarker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Epidemiol Rev. 1996;18(2):188–204.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goniewicz ML, Havel CM, Peng MW, Jacob P 3rd, Dempsey D, Yu L, et al. Elimination kinetics of the tobacco-specific biomarker and lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prevent. 2009;18(12):3421–5.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bao W, Liu B, Du Y, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB. Electronic cigarette use among young, middle-aged, and older adults in the United States in 2017 and 2018. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(2):313–4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brandsma CA, de Vries M, Costa R, Woldhuis RR, Königshoff M, Timens W. Lung ageing and COPD: is there a role for ageing in abnormal tissue repair? Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26(146).
Menezes AM, Hallal PC, Perez-Padilla R, Jardim JR, Muiño A, Lopez MV, et al. Tuberculosis and airflow obstruction: evidence from the PLATINO study in Latin America. Eur Respir J. 2007;30(6):1180–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Song JH, Huh K, Chung DR. Modern history of tuberculosis in Korea. Infect Chemother. 2019;51(4):414–26.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Reidel B, Radicioni G, Clapp PW, Ford AA, Abdelwahab S, Rebuli ME, et al. E-cigarette use causes a unique innate immune response in the lung, involving increased neutrophilic activation and altered mucin secretion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(4):492–501.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lerner CA, Sundar IK, Yao H, Gerloff J, Ossip DJ, McIntosh S, et al. Vapors produced by electronic cigarettes and e-juices with flavorings induce toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and in mouse lung. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(2):e0116732.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Sussan TE, Gajghate S, Thimmulappa RK, Ma J, Kim JH, Sudini K, et al. Exposure to electronic cigarettes impairs pulmonary anti-bacterial and anti-viral defenses in a mouse model. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(2):e0116861.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Shivalingappa PC, Hole R, Westphal CV, Vij N. Airway exposure to E-cigarette vapors impairs autophagy and induces aggresome formation. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2016;24(4):186–204.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Farsalinos KE, Kistler KA, Gillman G, Voudris V. Evaluation of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosol for the presence of selected inhalation toxins. Nicotine Tobacco Res. 2015;17(2):168–74.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Woodall M, Jacob J, Kalsi KK, Schroeder V, Davis E, Kenyon B, et al. E-cigarette constituents propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin decrease glucose uptake and its metabolism in airway epithelial cells in vitro. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2020;319(6):L957–67.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Moretto N, Volpi G, Pastore F, Facchinetti F. Acrolein effects in pulmonary cells: relevance to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1259:39–46.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Çolak Y, Løkke A, Marott JL, Lange P, Vestbo J. Impact of diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of COPD. Clin Respir J. 2013;7(3):297–303.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Baur X, Hall GL, Culver BH, et al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3–95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6):1324–43.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar